We welcome Naval officer, diplomat, strategist and author Tom Duffy for a conversation about a largely forgotten Cold War–era naval campaign: Operation Earnest Will.

During the final years of the Iran–Iraq War, the Persian Gulf became the scene of a dangerous maritime struggle known as the “Tanker War.” Iran and Iraq attacked oil tankers to cripple each other’s economies and pressure international shipping. In response, the United States launched Operation Earnest Will—the largest naval convoy operation since World War II—escorting Kuwaiti oil tankers through hostile waters and confronting Iranian threats at sea.

The mission began when Kuwaiti tankers were re-flagged under the U.S. flag so they could legally sail under American naval protection. U.S. warships then escorted the tankers through the Gulf while surveillance aircraft, helicopters, and special operations forces hunted for mines and small-boat attackers.

The danger became clear immediately. On the very first escort mission, the reflagged tanker Bridgeton struck an Iranian mine in the Gulf—an early reminder that even a powerful navy could not fully control the narrow and volatile waters of the Persian Gulf. Over the next fourteen months, dozens of U.S. warships rotated through the region while Navy SEALs, special operations aviators, and patrol boat crews conducted night operations to stop Iranian mining and harassment of shipping.

In his book Tanker War in the Gulf, Duffy draws on his experience as a U.S. Navy officer who participated in the operation and later as a Foreign Service officer stationed across the Middle East. He reconstructs the tense months when American warships escorted vulnerable tankers through minefields, missile threats, and political uncertainty—while trying to prevent a regional war from spiraling into a superpower confrontation.

The story includes dramatic moments such as the USS Stark incident, the shadow presence of Soviet naval forces monitoring U.S. movements, and retaliatory clashes between U.S. and Iranian forces that nearly escalated into a wider war.

Though often overlooked in American military history, Operation Earnest Will marked the first sustained U.S. military confrontation with Iran—a precursor to tensions that continue today. The operation also offers timely lessons about limited warfare, maritime security, and the strategic importance of protecting global energy routes—issues that echo in today’s crises in the Red Sea and across the wider Middle East.

Duffy will also reflect on his unusual career path—from naval officer to U.S. diplomat—including postings in Bogotá during the Pablo Escobar era, Saudi Arabia during the early al-Qaeda bombings, and Baghdad during the turbulent early years of the Iraq War. His stories offer a rare view of how military operations, diplomacy, and global politics intersect in real time.

Join us for a fascinating discussion about a little-known naval campaign that still shapes how the United States uses sea power today—and hear firsthand how history, strategy, and lived experience come together in one remarkable career.

How has World War II shaped your family? What stories, memories, questions, and mysteries have been passed down through the generations?

Join host Glenn Flickinger for a special Greatest Generation Live conversation exploring the enduring impact of World War II on veterans and the families who inherited their legacies.

We’ll hear from Lee Kikel, whose father, Melvin Goldman, survived the Holocaust and was liberated from the Wöbbelin concentration camp in Germany in May 1945. After surviving years of imprisonment in the Lodz Ghetto, Auschwitz, and other camps, Goldman was among thousands rescued in the final days of the war. His gratitude to the American soldiers who liberated Wöbbelin became a defining part of his life and family story.

We’ll also be joined by Richard Murphy, whose father-in-law, Lawrence McGartland of Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania, helped liberate Wöbbelin as a soldier in the 28th Infantry Regiment, 8th Infantry Division. Drafted at age 30, married and the father of two young children, McGartland landed in France after D-Day and fought through four campaigns—Normandy, Northern France, the Rhineland, and Central Europe. Wounded twice during 266 days of combat, he was among the American soldiers who encountered the horrors of Wöbbelin on May 2, 1945.

Like many veterans of his generation, McGartland rarely spoke about his wartime experiences. Only years after his death did his children begin to learn what he had endured and accomplished. As they pieced together his military service, they gained new insight into the quiet effects of war that remained throughout his life—from his aversion to loud noises to the flashbacks he experienced in old age. Understanding his service helped his family better understand the man they loved.

Lee and Richard’s stories intersect at a remarkable moment in history: one family descended from a survivor of Wöbbelin, the other from one of its liberators.

Following their presentations, we’ll open the conversation to everyone. We invite you to share stories of parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives whose lives were shaped by World War II—whether they served overseas, worked on the home front, survived wartime hardships, or carried the war’s memories long after the fighting ended.

The generation that fought World War II is passing from the scene, but their stories continue to shape families and communities. Join us as we explore how understanding our veterans can help us know—and love—them a little better.